Runway Markings

We can divide runway markings into those used for visual, nonprecision instrument, and precision instrument operations. Even as a VFR pilot, you need to know the runway markings used for all types of runways because you will fly into a variety of different airports with different runways.

More information on runway can be found in the AIM:

AIM 2-3-3: Runway Markings

Precision Instrument Runway Markings

Runway designators will include a number and a letter if the runway is parallel with another runway.

Designation numbers will be the closest whole number to one-tenth the magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runway.

(Azimuth is a fancy way of saying the compass reading you would get if you stood at the beginning of the runway and pointed your compass toward the end)

A letter will be included in the below the number if the runway is parallel with at least one other runway.
- 2 parallel runways: "L" for left, and "R" for right
- 3 parallel runways: "L" for left, "C" for center, and "R" for right
- more than 3 parallel runways: Additional parallel runways will be numbered with the next closest one-tenth azimuth direction. A good example of this is KMCO
You can see in the image above that all four runways have the same heading, but the two parallel runways on the right have different numbers that don't align with their actual heading.

Visual and Nonprecision Instrument Runway Markings

Side stripes delineate the edges of a runway. They provide a visual contrast between runway and the abutting terrain or shoulders.

Side stripes consist of continuous white stripes located on each side of the runway, as shown below:

Displaced Threshold

A displaced threshold is a threshold located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway.

These will reduce the available runway that is usable for landing, but aircraft are allowed to use the displaced threshold for takeoff.

A ten foot wide white threshold bar will be located across the width of the runway at the displaced threshold. An example of a displaced threshold is shown below:

Relocation of a Threshold

When the threshold of a runway needs to be relocated, a NOTAM should be issued by the airport operator identifying the portion of the runway that is closed (Ex: 10/28 W 900 CLSD).

A common practice when relocating a runway threshold is to use a ten foot wide white threshold bar across the width of the runway.

An example of a relocated threshold with markings for a taxiway aligned with a runway: